Background: Formal qualification does not rule out the challenges a radiographer may face by virtue of being new in the clinical practice, and does not necessarily mean acquisition of the needed competency to practice. This study was designed to evaluate challenges encountered by newly qualified Radiographers in their early clinical practice in Southwestern Nigeria. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 360 newly qualified Radiographers selected hospitals in South West Nigeria. A well-designed questionnaire was used for data collection and it was analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The major communication challenges were: effective communication with patients and careers (3.8 ± 0.8) and effective communication with members of the team (3.8 ± 1.0). The major clinical challenges identified were: cannot perform special exams unaided (1.7 ± 0.6) and cannot prioritize exams according to urgency (1.6 ± 1.0). The major technical challenges identified were: cannot take remedial actions for poor quality radiograph (2.1 ± 0.5) and restriction from access to some machines (1.9 ± 0.7). The major workload challenges identified were: assignment of too much work (2.0 ± 0.4) and poor supervision of new radiographers by superiors (1.7 ± 0.9). The major welfare challenges identified were delay in salary (2.1 ± 0.7) and difficulty in getting internship placement (2.1 ± 0.6). The result from the Chi-square test revealed that there were no statistically significant relationships between the challenges faced by newly qualified radiographers in their early clinical practice and their categories (χ2 =4.806, df=2, p= 0.09).Conclusion: Newly qualified radiographers faces numerous challenges such as technical, communication, workload, poor supervision as well as welfare challenges. There were no statistically significant relationships between the challenges faced by newly qualified radiographers in their early clinical practice and their categories. The study, therefore, recommends the need to create a formal mentorship program for newly qualified radiographers, to provide them with guidance and support. There is also need to provide opportunities for continued professional development for newly qualified radiographers, such as workshops or courses. Also, more staff should be employed so that the workloads are evenly distributed among the radiographers on staff.

By Inwang Edet Usoro, Elizabeth Oluwatoyin Adawale-George, Abdullah Shuaibu, Michael Promise Ogolodom, Emmanuel Emeka Ezugwu, Godswill Monday Effiong, Victor Kelechi Nwodo, Anayo Christian Okwor, Misael Ron

In 2020, the Nursing Department of the British Hospital of Montevideo implemented the Internal Nursing Audit (INA), based on the ISO 9001:2015 Standard, to improve the quality and safety of care. The IEA evaluated comprehensive care, patient safety, and internal climate, categorizing findings into strengths, compliance, opportunities for improvement, observations, and nonconformities, through observational audits and electronic checklists. Between 2020 and 2023, the sectors audited increased from 6 to 25, identifying outstanding practices in medication administration and personalized care, while improving areas such as technology training and documentation. The EIA has been instrumental in continuous improvement and quality of care, contributing to patient-centered care and staff satisfaction.

By Gabriela Cameto, Alejandra Dinardi , Leticia Perdomo , Silvana Jubin, Marcela Giacosa , Juan Silveira

Empathy in nursing professionals is one of the skills to show sensitivity, understanding and support to patients, therefore, the objective of the research is to determine the level of empathy in nursing professionals who work in a hospital institution in Callao. . It is a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional and non-experimental study, with a population of 105 nurses who completed a sociodemographic data questionnaire and the Jefferson Empathy Scale. In their results, 2.9% (n=3) of the nurses have high empathy, 81% (n=81) medium empathy and 16.2% (n=17) low empathy. In conclusion, empathy is very important for nursing care, since by being so committed to patient care, empathy can be improved according to the needs that the patient presents.

By Lucia Asencios-Trujillo, Lida Asencios-Trujillo, Carlos La Rosa-Longobardi, Djamila Gallegos-Espinoza, Livia Piñas-Rivera

Introduction: Drug is any chemical substance capable of interacting with a living organism and, from the medical point of view, used for the treatment, prevention, cure or diagnosis of diseases.
Objective: To characterize the consumption of toxic substances in adolescents of the "Arístides Viera González" Preuniversity Institute.
Methods: A descriptive-transversal observational study was carried out. The universe consisted of 187 students belonging to the "Arístides Viera González" Preuniversity Institute, in the period January-December 2021.
Results: Female sex predominated (55.08%), being 16 years old the most frequent age (42.9%). In terms of toxic habits, consumers of other toxic substances such as cola predominate (53.47%). 64.17% of students refer that at school they are educated about the damage caused by toxic habits and 42.78% of students agree that the family constantly talks to them about the benefits of leading a healthy life and that if there can be fun without toxic habits.
Conclusions: One of the major public health problems is the consumption of toxic substances. There was a predominance of female students and of students who consume other toxic substances such as cola. Most of the students state that they are educated at school about the harm caused by toxic substances and that the family exerts great influence on them to lead a healthy life. There is a predominance of students who believe that there can be no fun without substances.

By María Carla Hernández Martínez, Michael Angel González Medina

Introduction: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatrography is the therapeutic method of choice to treat biliopancreatic diseases. The complexity of the endoscopic procedure, learning curves, duration, and the demand for the service in health institutions, condition the presence of ergonomic and occupational risks in the multidisciplinary team that intervenes in the technique. Objective: To evaluate the ergonomic risk factors for the management of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography. Material and Methods: An observational, descriptive study will be carried out, aimed at professionals involved in the management of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Theoretical and empirical methods will be used. Ergonomic, occupational and psychosocial risk measurement instruments will be applied to specialists involved in ERCP. The results derived from the empirical level methods will be analyzed by percentage calculation. Qualitative assessments will be expressed in text form. The instruments will be valued by the Aiken V coefficient. Expected results: it will allow the identification of ergonomic, occupational and psychosocial risk factors in the management of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and the proposal of an action plan based on intervening in the identified risks. It will contribute to the health of the exposed worker and the productivity, quality and efficiency of the service provided.

By Yanet Ortega Dugrot, Julieth Suárez Oceguera, Jacqueline Fidelina Valdivieso Romero, Ibis Ávila Roque, Reynaldo Ruffin Concepción, Daimarelis Guerra del Valle

Introduction: Healthcare professionals need to develop skills through knowledge, to handle complex situations in front of patients and/or their families, regarding the communication of bad news. It is extremely important that medical education offers the best educational approaches for training verbal and nonverbal communication skills to provide a clear and appropriate message in the face of these unavoidable circumstances in day-to-day medical practice. Objective: To investigate the need for training medical students to convey bad news to patients and/or their families. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was implemented, with a qualitative approach based on a closed survey to medical students on their ability to communicate bad news, where participants were compared with each other, thus obtaining a conclusion. The survey had 88 participants and the results were presented in Excel tables and figures generated from an online survey. Results: The search revealed that students of public universities (48.9% of the experiment) and private universities (51.1% of the experiment) in general never promoted the information of bad news to a patient and/or family, because it was found that only 21.6% of the total had already had this experience throughout their education. Respondents, regardless of their age or year of graduation in medicine, showed insecurity about their own knowledge and skills to give bad news. Conclusion: The sample analyzed in the survey shows, with a large statistical difference, the need to improve the teaching methods for giving bad news in universities, because only 10.2% of the sample considered the instruction they received during their education to promote this fact to be very satisfactory. We believe that it is necessary to introduce a practical method so that students, as physicians, do not feel so hesitant to communicate such sensitive news to patients and/or family.

By Joyce Chayenne Rodrigues Melchior, Norberto Blanco

Background: The workplace environment has been severely affected by globalization and the global financial crisis, leading to an increase in demand as well as stress and related problems. This study was designed to assess effects of perceived occupational stress on the mental health of radiography and medical laboratory science lecturers in tertiary institutions in Nigeria, as well as to determine relationships between levels of occupational stress on mental health and the socio-demographic variables of the lecturers. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey design was adopted to ascertain the aims of this study among 65 lecturers of the aforementioned departments. Obtained data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools. Results: Out of 65 respondents, 38(58.46%) were males while females accounted for 27(41.54%). Majority 36(55.38%) of the participants were lecturers from radiography department and large proportion 39(65%) of the respondents were within the age of 38-47 years. All (n=16, 100%) the respondents were full-time lecturers. Most 26(40%) of the respondents had master’s degree. Greater number 30(46.15%) had 3-8years working experiences. Majority of the lecturers from both departments reportedly felt emotionally drained from work sometimes, which is 28(96.55%) and 22(61.11%) for MLS and Radiography respectively. Twenty three (63.88%) of the radiography (RAD) lectures reported to had found themselves getting upset by quite trivial/little things sometimes, while in Medical Laboratory Science (MLS), 16(55.17%) of the lecturers sometimes gets upset by quite trivial things. Furthermore, the majorities of the lecturers from both departments sometimes felt pressure to beat deadlines, which is 25(86.21%) and 21(58.33%) for MLS and Radiography respectively. There were no statistically significant relationships between impact of occupational stress on the mental health of MLS lecturers and their socio-demographic variables such as gender (χ2 = 3.000, df= 2, p= 0.33), Age (χ2 = 6.000, df=3, p= 0.11), and years of experience (χ2 = 3.333, df=3, p= 0.34). There were no statistically significant relationships between impact of occupational stress on the mental health of Radiography lecturers and their socio-demographic variables such as gender(χ2 = 5.312, df= 6, p= 0.38), Age (χ2 = 11.000, df=15, p= 0.75), and years of experience (χ2 = 7.000, df=5, p= 0.22).Conclusion: There was mild level of impact of occupational stress on the mental health of lecturers from the departments of interest. The impact of occupational stress on the mental health of Radiography and MLS lecturers by gender, years of experience, age and level of education did not vary within the population of study. More lecturers should be employed to meet up the recommended students to lecturer’s ratio so as to reduce the level of perceived mental stress among the lecturers.

By Michael Promise Ogolodom, Jennifer Ifeoma Okafor, Awajimijan Nathaniel Mbaba, Clement U. Nyenke, Elizabeth O. Balogun, Misael Ron, Nwamaka Chizube Ikegwuonu, Egop Egop Brownson, Maureen Dike Frank, Helen Wema , Inwang Edet Usoro, Tamunobelema Dikibo, Joy Johnson

Stress is any psycho-emotional tension experienced by nursing professionals during the coronavirus pandemic, therefore, the objective of the investigation is to determine the level of stress in nursing professionals in a hospital center during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional and non-experimental study, with a population of 127 nursing professionals, who completed a sociodemographic data questionnaire and the nursing stress scale. In their results, 12.6% (n=16) of nurses have high stress, 40.9% (n=52) medium stress and 46.5% (n=59) low stress. In conclusion, programs aimed at mental health, training in resilient skills and coping strategies for stress must be created.

By Lucia Asencios-Trujillo, Lida Asencios-Trujillo, Carlos La Rosa-Longobardi, Djamila Gallegos-Espinoza, Livia Piñas-Rivera

Background: Clinical educators are essential in radiography education programmes. Transitioning from clinical practicing radiographers to academic educators is a rewarding journey. This study was designed to examine the experience of Radiography Lecturers in the Nigerian universities that converted from radiography practitioners to academic educators. Materials and methods: A Google form questionnaire-based study design was conducted among 35 radiography lecturers in Nigeria. Only lecturers in Nigerian Universities who had worked as radiography clinical practitioners before transited to academics and consented to participate in this study were included. The questionnaire captured responses on socio-demographic variables, challenges, barriers, successes of transition from practitioners to academic educators. Results: The majority 17(48.6%) of the respondents earned income of above #251,000.00 as a practicing radiographers. Of the 35 respondents, the majority 12(34.3%) each respectively earned #101,000.00 -#150,000.00 and #151,000.00 - #200,000.00 as an academic radiographers. Majority 17(48.6%) of the respondents agreed that the main challenge they are encountering as an academic educator is rigorous research activities. Family issues affected smooth transition process as 23(65.7%) of the respondents agreed to that. Majority 18(51.4%) perceived mentorship as the key factor responsible for smooth transition from practice to academic. There was statistically significant relationship between gender and challenges encountered by the responders (χ2 = 28.194, p = 0.00). Conclusion: The respondents experienced different challenges as they transited from clinical practice to academic. Mentorship is the key factor that militated against the smooth transition process. There was statistically significant relationship between gender and challenges encountered by the responders.

By Michael Promise Ogolodom, H.U.Chiegwu, Awajimijan Nathaniel Mbaba, Abdul Fatai K. Bakre, Elizabeth O. Balogun, Annmaris Chimebere Obasi, Emeka E. Ezugwu, Tessy Agwere Onwuka, Egop Egop Brownson

El miedo es una experiencia negativa en los profesionales de la salud dado a que la exposición durante la pandemia, alta demanda laboral y las implicaciones emocionales, tienen efectos significativos en su bienestar psicológico, por tanto, el objetivo de investigación es, determinar el miedo en los profesionales de la salud que laboran en una institución hospitalaria de COVID-19. Es un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal y no experimental, con una población de 220 profesionales de salud que respondieron un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos y la escala de miedo a COVID-19. En sus resultados, el 23%(n=51) de los profesionales tienen un bajo miedo al COVID-19, 37%(n=91) miedo medio al COVID-19 y 40%(n=88) miedo alto al COVID-19. En conclusión, la exposicion constante de los profesionales de la salud ante el riesgo de contagio, excesiva carga laboral y presión emocional durante la pandemia, a generado niveles altos de miedo.

By Lucia Asencios-Trujillo, Lida Asencios-Trujillo, Carlos La Rosa-Longobardi, Djamila Gallegos-Espinoza, Livia Piñas-Rivera

Introduction: As part of an interdisciplinary project, the actions taken by different healthcare professionals (doctors and nurses) over the quality of critical patients’ nutritional support were addressed at a private institution.
Objective: To determine the impact of the prescribed nutritional intake and the records of medical and nursing professionals on the quality of nutritional support; anthropometric, biochemical, clinical indicators, and medical and nursing records were identified.
Methods: An explanatory, cross-sectional, observational / non-experimental, retrospective, qualitative and quantitative research study with n = 34. An observation tool created ad hoc was used for approaching the clinical charts of patients with variables in sociodemographic data, nutritional screening, medical and nursing records, and quality in nutritional support.
Results: The results have shown a high level of “no record” fields within both types of healthcare professionals. It is hence inferred that there were no regulations regarding the restoration and enhancement of the nutritional status at the institution under study. Additionally, it is deduced that each professional goes through a documentation process which frames and makes visible the relationship to the records of the medical and nursing professionals. The absence of regulations was rated as a latent variable (non-observable).
Conclusions: The impact on the quality of the prescribed nutritional intake and their relationship to the records of medical and nursing professionals could be determined. The absence of regulations was rated as a latent variable (non-observable).

By Liliana Elba Ponti, Daniela Pascualini

Literacy in e-health today is very important, since it allows the population access to care, but many people do not know or do not know how to use it, which is why the research objective is, to determine the level of E-Health literacy of University Teachers served in first-level health centers in South Lima. It is a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional and non-experimental study, with a population of 400 University Professors, who answered a sociodemographic questionnaire and the e-health scale. In their results, 18.3% (n=73) of University Teachers have a high level with respect to e-health literacy, 31.5% (n=126) medium level, 21.5% (n= 86) basic level and 28.8% (n=115) elementary level. In conclusion, it is necessary to provide health education programs, since this implementation would make it more feasible for health workers to carry out safe online practices for the population as well.

By Lucia Asencios-Trujillo, Lida Asencios-Trujillo, Carlos La Rosa-Longobardi, Djamila Gallegos-Espinoza, Livia Piñas-Rivera

The objective was to evaluate work fatigue and work organization in a food factory, in the state of Aragua, 2023. Research with a quantitative, field, descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational scope approach. The population was 135 workers and the sample was 101 workers, obtained by snowball sampling. The Yoshitake questionnaire (1978) modified by INSAT 1987 was applied. The statistical programs IBM SPSS ® Statistics Version 25 and EPIDAT were used. The sample was characterized using descriptive statistics and correlated by applying the chi-square and p-value tests. Results: The average age was 42.59 years, predominantly female; 44.6% single; 52.5% live with their partner.; 51.5% have secondary education; the family burden is less than or equal to three members in 61.4%; working workforce 80.2% all under rotating shift schemes; 63.4% have a length of service greater than 16 years; the travel time to the workplace is less than 30 minutes in 56.4%; 62.38% presented fatigue, in this group, 84.13% with general symptoms of fatigue, followed by 9.52% with mental fatigue, and 6.35% physical fatigue. It is concluded that 62.4% present mixed type work fatigue. Women, workers, those who live far away and those who worked shifts are more affected. There are no statistically significant differences between socio-occupational characteristics, shift work and the presence of fatigue.

By Leonard Colmenares, Evelin Escalona, Cheyla Massín, Alejandro Labrador, Estela Hernández-Runque, Elisa Texeira

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease is identified as one of the mental health problems that requires particular attention, not only because of the human impact, but also because of the crisis that is generated in the family. Therefore, analyzing different aspects of how to care for older adults is a common interest of multiple researchers. Care for the family caregiver, a quality of care not analyzed in depth, is focused in this review as its main object of study.
Objective: Analyze the category of care for the primary caregiver of older adults with Alzheimer's today.
Methods: Integrative review of original and review articles published in the SciELO databases; Dialnet; Medigraphic. The guiding question was developed through the acronym PICo. The search strategy was carried out using the descriptors in Health Sciences (DeCS) “caregivers” AND “elderly” AND “Alzheimer's dementia” AND “nursing care”, the inclusion criteria were: articles in Spanish and English, published from 2018 to 2024, the methodology is clear, and the theoretical reference. The flow chart (PRISMA) was used, 104 articles were identified and reviewed, of which 12 were useful regarding the evolution of the category, document content analysis was performed.
Conclusions: In the analysis of the category, key elements are identified such as population aging, its morbidities, mental health and Alzheimer's disease, as well as the overload of the primary caregiver

By Rosa Estela Iriarte de Vega, Ninfa Antonia Duarte Segovia, Gloria Concepción Rojas Ruíz Rojas Ruíz, Anibal Espinosa Aguilar, Michel Oria Saavedra

Informal work represents a significant part of the economy in many regions, and in Colombia, particularly in the town of Ciudad Bolívar in Bogotá, this type of employment is a predominant reality among young people between 18 and 30 years old. The research presented analyzes the factors that influence the choice of informal work in this demographic group during the year 2024. This analysis is essential to understand and address the conditions that perpetuate labor informality in low socioeconomic contexts.

The high prevalence of informal work among youth in Ciudad Bolívar reflects not only the lack of formal job opportunities, but also a series of interrelated factors ranging from educational level and vocational training to access to financial resources and government support. The decision to work informally is not based solely on the lack of formal employment, but also on the limitations and barriers that make the transition to regulated and secure jobs difficult. Understanding these factors is essential to design public policies and intervention strategies that promote the formalization of employment and improve the living conditions of these young people.

This study provides a precise understanding of the factors that lead young people in Ciudad Bolívar to prefer informal work. The findings highlight the need for interventions that address educational, socioeconomic, and government support barriers to foster the transition to formal employment. Ultimately, the article offers a solid basis for the development of policies that promote the formalization of employment and improve the living conditions of young people in vulnerable contexts.

By Laura Valentina Castillo Romero, Ana María García Hernández, Paula Katherin Pedraza Ramirez, Maribel Garcia Rojas

Introduction: Higher Education institutions seek to achieve institutional quality and influence student satisfaction. This is a feature that deserves an analysis that brings it closer to the particularities of the training of health students. Well, although it is a frequent topic under discussion, university demands increase.
Objective: Analyze current theoretical conceptions about student satisfaction and institutional quality of life in Higher Health Education.
Method: Integrative review for a critical and reflective analysis of contents of documents published between 2017-2023 with a methodology and theoretical reference. Keywords identified in DeCS and MeHS and Boolean operators were used: “higher education policy AND “health education” AND “universities” AND “medical education” AND “health students”, AND “accreditation”. The search strategy was carried out in the Índex, SciELO, Redalyc, Dialnet databases. The flow chart (PRISMA) was used to formulate the search strategy, 102 articles were identified and reviewed, of which 11 were useful regarding the evolution of the category. The following inclusion criteria were considered: original or review studies, available in full text, that declared the methodology applied, published in English and Spanish.
Conclusions: The conceptions of student satisfaction and institutional quality in Higher Health Education reveal the starting point for research. They show the complexity of the categories, which prevents delving into each independent one, and proportional relationships. Operational definitions are offered that contain the relationships.

By Michel Oria Saavedra, Gloria Concepción Rojas Ruíz, Anibal Espinosa Aguilar, Jazmin Sebastiana Vaesken Rojas, Elias Hernán Presentado Mora, Cindi Jazmín Pérez Miño

Introduction: The humanization of health must be structured as a strategic issue; All its processes, guidelines and directives must be focused on the person suffering from the disease and on those who do everything possible to offer the best care services. The objective of the study is to identify humanizing attitudes from the health team (ES) towards the patient in the hospital environment. Material and methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out. The data collection technique consisted of a list based on the Decalogue of the Humanization of Health Care (DHSA), the sample was made up of a total of 10 ES. Results: 10 ES were observed using the DHAS criteria. Compliance: Identify yourself: 60% (n=6); Listening: 40% (n=4); Empathize: 40% (n=4); Communicate: 80% (n=8); Respect: 80% (n=8); Provides comfort, intimacy and privacy: 80% (n=8); Get closer: 60% (n=6); Be nice: 40% (n=4); Facilitates accessibility: 80% (n=8); Respect rest: 80% (n=8). Conclusion: The DHSA is a guide to enhance the personal skills of each professional, which are reflected in the encounter with others, in the relationship between people. This is an irreplaceable point in the healthcare space since it is the only procedure in which people are irreplaceable by technology and science.

By Miguel Lima de Araújo, Silvia Judith Birnenbaum

Background: Universal Health Insurance is a governmental tool for financial risk management in healthcare systems, presented as an alternative to mitigate individual economic impact, guarantee access to health, and efficiently distribute public expenditure resources. It is based on a revenue model, either public and/or private, to achieve health coverage that distributes financial risk among all insured members, and may even encompass those outside the system. The aim of this work is to conduct a systematic and comparative analysis, considering the experiences of different countries that have adopted Universal Health Insurance or similar systems, in contrast to the characteristics of Argentina, to determine potential challenges and proposals that may arise in the hypothetical case of implementing such a mechanism in the country. Material and methods: A systematic, ubiquitous, atemporal, and/or diachronic review of publications on obstacles, proposals, and outcomes related to public policies on universal health insurance or similar initiatives was conducted. This review comprehend different countries and aimed to compare potential coincidences, differences, and intermediate points with organizational factors in Argentina. Results: 60 studies were included from 25 countries, where key factors in the implementation of Universal Health Insurance were identified: Willingness to Pay (WTP); Informal and unemployed workers; Social, ethical, and political considerations; Segmentation; Tools on demand; Supervision of health centers and insurance companies; Designs and structures; Other considerations. Conclusion: By considering the experiences of other countries with similar socioeconomic characteristics, it is possible to develop proposals and design a model of Universal Health Insurance in Argentina that ensures quality, equity, reduces individual risk, and contributes to financially sustainable support over time.

By Jose Gregorio Santiago Vergara, Axel Bonilla

Introduction: Introduction: Much is said about doctor-patient communication and its importance, but when is it really effective? For doctor-patient communication to be effective, it must involve not only a biomedical vision, that is, real medical knowledge, but much more than that, it requires a multidimensional vision, in an individualized and humanized way. From this perspective and taking into account the complexity that this represents, it is particularly important to analyze the elements that intervene in the medical consultation, as well as the impact they will have on the patients' history and adherence to treatment. The doctor-patient relationship represents a fundamental aspect in the process of health care, disease treatment and health recovery, deserving special interest in establishing effects, such as adherence to treatments and therapies, aimed at restoring health. Through this established link, it is possible to achieve a better anamnesis, establishing appropriate and humanized conduct, which favors an effective diagnosis. However, the patient's cooperation is necessary, communicating and expressing what they feel. Effective communication between doctor and patient will lead to positive and satisfactory results for both parties.
Material and methods: an exhaustive electronic search of the relevant literature about the factors involved in good doctor-patient communication was carried out through medical databases as well as in reference search engines such as Pubmed, Cochrane, mesh broweser, Google Scholar, scielo, bireme. For this purpose, the following keywords and MeSH terms were used: doctor patient relationship” “effective communication” “medical education”, “communication barriers”, “clinical skills” “empathy”. Randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews and metaanalyses were identified without considering publication status, reported results, last ten years of publication and with language restriction to English, Spanish and Portuguese.
Results: 12 systematic review and meta-analysis works that were published between 2015 - 2022 were included, which complied with the established inclusion criteria.
Conclusion: effective communication between doctors and patients plays a crucial role in promoting successful treatment and improving patient adherence. Furthermore, implementing communication training programs during medical school can help prepare future doctors to interact more effectively with patients.

By Marcia Andrea Ledo Barros, Maria Romina Leardi